Helsinki Process, World Social Forum, Mumbai, Intia, 18.1.2004

What is the Helsinki Process?

The Helsinki Process on Globalisation and Democracy was launched at the initiative of the Finnish Government in cooperation with the Tanzanian Government early 2003. The aim of the Helsinki Process is to launch a proactive effort to develop new solutions to the dilemmas of global governance. These new solutions are sought through an open and inclusive dialogue amongst the major stakeholders.

The aim of the Helsinki Process is to increase democracy and equality in international relations. In doing so, the Helsinki Process wishes, to foster the involvement of Southern perspectives and civil society in forming global policies. Additionally the Helsinki Process aims to empower coalition building in order to promote the necessary changes in global governance. The Helsinki Process will seek political support from a variety of actors, including other governments, non-governmental organizations, and the private sector. One of the tasks of the Helsinki Process is to provide one channel for follow-up for the ILO Commission on the Social Dimensions of Globalisation, co-chaired by the Finnish and Tanzanian Presidents.

The Helsinki Process is based on the work carried out by the Helsinki Group on Globalisation and Democracy as well as three Tracks. The Helsinki Group is a high-level international body that aims to produce pluralistic and innovative proposals for solutions to the key problems of globalization and its effective, democratic governance. The Group members come from different backgrounds and constituencies, but they are committed to seek cooperative solutions to global challenges. These challenges include both tangible economic and political issues and the need to reform international institutions to be better able to address these problems. The Group is co-chaired by my Tanzanian colleague, Minister Jakaya M. Kikwete and myself.

The Tracks are high-level expert groups which work on specific issues in global problem solving. The Track on New Approaches to Global Problem-Solving discusses a range of issues from failed states to new strategies to international cooperation. The Track on Global Economic Agenda addresses issues from global public goods to the financing of the burning health crisis. The third Track, on Human Security examines how proceed from Responsibility to Prevent and Protect and how to address the human insecurities experienced by the most vulnerable: children, women and those suffering from illnesses. The individuals in the Tracks represent know-how from all major stakeholder groups.

The Helsinki Process favours multilateral approaches over the unilateral exercise of power. Obviously, these two approaches are intertwined, but multilateralism tends to be more effective, because it is more legitimate in the eyes of most governments and recognizes the relevance of non-state actors and processes. But multilateralism is only a mode of inclusive cooperation. Therefore, it has to be given substance and rooted in common goals and values. These global values can be derived, first and foremost, from the UN Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and they were reaffirmed in the Millennium Declaration. These are the corner stones of the Helsinki Process. It builds on a broad community of values that consists of participation, cooperation, inclusiveness, and non-discrimination.

The Helsinki Group will start its work in the end of this month. The Tracks have worked already for some months and are expected to complete their works in a report by the end of this year. The report of the Helsinki Group – by May 2005 – and the Tracks will be discussed in the second Helsinki Conference, early September 2005 (7th to 9th Sept 2005) where you all are welcomed to discuss and evaluate the work of the Helsinki Process. Additionally there is an opportunity to influence the work of the Helsinki Process through sending comments (note the website www.helsinkiprocess.fi) and by participating at various events in the following two years. Your inputs and comments – also in this dialogue in Mumbai – are warmly welcomed. Our aim is to ensure that the Helsinki Process lives up to its values of being open, inclusive and empowering.

The most serious substantive problems faced by the international community concern the risky consequences of the state failure on the one hand and poverty and vulnerability on the other. Moreover, social polarization and political fragmentation obviously interact and reinforce each other. In a sense, the ongoing transformation hints to the erosion of national states and economies and the emergence of more complex, and often more unstable political and economic formations. It is not far-fetched to suggest that a new type of international society is in the making. The Helsinki Process aims to create practical and feasible policy recommendations that can be adopted and promoted by various actors in this challenging context.

The mixed effects of globalization

The start of the current internationalization process or globalization if you prefer, goes way back to the middle-age in Europe, to the birth of capitalism and to the new cultural and scientific attitudes of the renaissance.

Since then international trade and investment flows have grown to unprecedented levels. By the end of 1990s world exports in relation to world GDP had increased to about four times higher than hundred years before. During the last few decades world economies have become more interdependent than ever before.

The discussion on globalization is often concentrated on the economy, quite understandably. But there are important social, cultural and political aspects as well, which in fact, cannot be separated from the economy or vice versa.

One of the most positive aspects of globalization is the gradual extension of common ethical principles. This is demonstrated by the growing ratification of UN declarations. One important political aspect, which has changed during the last few decades is the growing preponderance of representative democracy. Principles such as pluralism, alternation of power, division of the state powers, democratic elections of authorities and recognition of the right of minorities are becoming more generally accepted world-wide. We can say that democracy has spread further in the world than ever before, but at the same time we can also observe growing discontent towards formal democracy. Millions of people are feeling being left out from the political decision making. Let it be in developed countries or in the developing world where the de facto exclusion of large parts of population is much more marked. There is also a growing feeling that forces and events, which shape our lives are beyond the reach of the control exercised by democratic governments. Part of the blame is put on the globalization of the economy.

It is important to make some clarifications as one speaks about globalization of the economy. Technological development has shrunk time and space in a dramatic fashion. This has occurred through improvements in transport as well as in information and communication technology. This is a fact. This development enables increasing globalization of the economy. It is almost impossible to stop technological and scientific progress, and for most of us, it is undesirable.

But,liberalizing trade and financial flows is a policy choice. There are possibilities and conscious decisions to be made. Globalization of the economy is not any superior force, which cannot be controlled. There are, of course, alternatives. It is not possible to turn back the clock and return to the local economies of the past, but it is possible to direct market forces in a way that they produce more desirable outcomes. Only the most ideological fundamentalists do not admit that markets left alone, produce harmful social effects.

We can say that the current process of globalization is incomplete, unequal and characterized by a deficit in governance.

The income gap between rich and poor countries has widened during the last 200 years. In the beginning of the 19th century per capita income in Western Europe was about three times that of Africa. By the end of 1990s rich countries had an income level about 20 times higher than that of the poorest region, Africa. According to the UNCTAD, the share of developed countries of total world income increased from 73% in 1980 to 77% in 1999. During the last 50 years, we cannot observe any convergence in the international income levels. There is also a general tendency towards growing inequality within many individual countries. This trend has increased since the 1970s.

It seems that the proportion of people living in poverty has decreased in many countries during the last few decades. However, one must also look beyond the relative poverty figures, since the actual amount of people in poverty in many countries has increased. Poverty, unequal income distribution and other injustices are sources of social and political instability and therefore undesirable for development of any society. Sub-Saharan Africa is the area where all in all the trends are still to the worse, while India is an example of a development where significant parts of the middle class are better off at the same time as vast groups of people are being marginalized.

A large part of the globalization of the economy is limited to industrialized countries themselves. Trade between firms of developed countries themselves account for more than half of total world trade. Most notable change in the structure of world trade during the last few decades was the growth of the share of Asian developing countries. Latin America slightly recovered its position in the 1990s, whereas Africa became ever more marginalized in world trade flows.

The expansion of international operations of firms, foreign direct investment, has been extremely fast since the 1980s, not to mention the growth of portfolio investment. According to UNCTAD, world foreign direct investments were 10 times higher in 2002 than in 1980. Most of this activity is taking place within industrialized countries. About two thirds of the world FDI stock is in developed countries. However, developing countries have also attracted a growing number of foreign firms to their territory in search for natural resources, cheaper labor or new market opportunities.

It could be said that the globalization of the world economy is spearheaded by 64.000 transnational companies, which have about 870.000 subsidiaries around the world. Largest of these companies are almost exclusively from industrialized countries. From the 100 largest transnational companies in the world, calculated by their assets, only four originate from developing countries: Hong Kong, Mexico, Singapore and South-Korea.

Most developing countries have done considerable efforts during the last couple of last decades in trying to integrate themselves into the world economy. However, for most much has not changed since the famous Argentinian economist doctor Raúl Prebisch formulated his theory of deteriorating terms of trade in the 1940s and 1950s. Most developing countries are still mainly producers of primary goods and there is a quite clear tendency of deterioration in prices of primary goods vis-a-vis those of manufactured goods.

We can leave the academic debate around terms of trade aside, the fact is, that volatile and low prices of primary goods are causing a lot of problems to governments, firms and people of developing countries.

All economic schools of thinking agree that technological progress is at the heart of increasing productivity and higher growth. And the truth is that one of the main global asymmetries is the strong concentration of technological progress in the developed countries. The problem is, as Prebisch stated , that the diffusion of technology is slow and irregular.

Some developing countries have opted for integration to the world economy through manufacturing assembly inspired by the success stories from East Asia. Replication is impossible or at least very difficult. Strategies based on cheap labor and free trade zones offer some jobs, but not much more. Tax revenues are nil and links to the local economy are rare. Recipes for success stories are not found from text books or dogmatic theories, they are often mixes of policy measures composed of orthodoxy and heretics. We should allow space for local tailor-made pragmatic solutions.

There are no solutions that work universally independent of place and time. There are structural differences among countries, which make ”leveling the playing field -strategy” in the world trading system unattractive for less developed countries. These structural differences cause income differences between the North and South, or at least a serious obstacle to their reduction. However, governments of some industrialized nations, international financial institutions and the World Trade Organization (WTO) do not seem to recognize this in an accurate way. The dead end in the WTO negotiations in Cancun is one reflection of the fact that many countries are feeling that their concerns are left unheard.

The situation is slightly different in industrialized countries where the state still has -even if in lesser extent than before- some possibilities to counteract some negative effects of economic globalization. However, it could be stated that individual governments almost everywhere have less control over economic agents: firms and investors. Entire countries are left to the mercy of international markets.

Economic crisis spread their effects from one country into another, sometimes without any real reason. Liberalizing of trade and investment flows has made most countries more vulnerable to the fluctuations of international financial flows. This has imposed the logic of markets on many governments and decreased possibilities to run independent economic and social policies.

Despite what I said above about the power of markets, we should not disregard that there still is some room left for domestic economic and social policy-making. It should be noted, that some may also want to hide their political priorities behind the ”there in no alternative” phraseology. Controlling globalization requires conscious internal policy choices. Employment and social considerations have been left as a secondary priority by many governments as they have emphasized the stabilization of prices. In some cases the costs to the real economy, production and employment, have been underestimated. The possibilities of a more just income distribution have mostly been left aside. A recent study of one African country shows that with the same scale of income distribution as presently in the Nordic countries, the current figures of more than 50 % of the population living in extreme poverty could be reduced to 15 % with the present GNI.

The challenge of the informal sector

When we talk about globalization of the economy we mostly talk about interaction and trade between formal economic agents: firms, governments, multilateral financial institutions and so on. However, there is a huge majority of people who are living outside or in the margins of this formal economy. A huge part of the people of the world are earning their living with self-employment of working in informal firms without protection of the law or social security.

It is not a marginal phenomenon, it is the reality for the majority of people living outside industrialized countries. According to the ILO, informal work accounts for more than half of urban employment in most developing countries. If we also consider subsistence agriculture being informal work, the figures become even higher. According to the ILO well over 90% of agricultural work force of Mexico and India are in informal jobs.

In many developing countries cases the formal economic sector, which has links to the global economy is very thin and large sectors of the society are being left out from the globalization process or they are left with the negative effects of it. Phrases such as ”development with a human face” are nothing else than a lot of nonsense, if we do not take into account how most people live and work.

We must understand how the large informal economies of the developing countries function. How else can we talk about poverty, if we do not understand how most people earn their living. We need more information to be able to draw the attention of policy makers to those most invisible and neglected.

The best way to combat informality, poverty or child labor is to create decent work, to design pro-growth and pro-poor strategies. But there must be some re-engineering of the global economic system so that also less developed countries have realistic chances to succeed in the ever increasing competition, which is taking place.

Only few companies from the developing world have been unable to integrate to the world economy successfully. Activities of low productivity and informality have increased. Without carefully designed national policies there is a danger that those destructive elements brought by economic liberalization can even deepen existing differences and there could be even further pressure on employment and income distribution.

Liberalization of the economy -opening of trade, privatization and deregulation- bring many changes. Successful and unsuccessful adaptation, birth and death of firms, creation and destruction of human capital and technological capacity are two sides of the same coin. Both aspects are present in the structural changes of today. What we need are policies that minimize the negative effects. We should not trust our fate in the hands of faceless markets.

Preserving space for the local spheres

One aspect of globalization is the increasing possibility of civil society actors around the world to be in contact with each other. Some civil society organizations, many of them being present here in Mumbai, are trying to emphasize the right of different communities to preserve their identity and ways of life. The expansion of the market economy inevitably threatens the preservation of social, cultural and economic values of many societies, especially those of indigenous people. Shouldn’t true democracy mean that we have space in our world also for those who wish to live in traditional societies?

We should not romanticize the issue. Many people want to move to the cities and leave their traditional societies and be part of globalization. Some others do not wish to do so. Democracy should mean that people can influence those changes that are taking place in their immediate sphere of life. Democracy cannot work efficiently, if decision-making is taken further and further away without giving people chance to influence their own lives.

When we talk about democracy, we should talk not only about civil rights, but also of democratic access to resources: education, technology, natural resources, land and water. If market forces are left uncontrolled the livelihoods of many are endangered. Increasing monetization and transforming of natural resources into commodities is threatening the environment. People should be empowered to guide their own lives.

Democratic governance the necessary counterweight

Undoubtedly Finland is so far a winner in the globalization process, being a small open economy dependent on international trade and access to foreign markets. In 1950, GDP per capita of Finland was still below that of Argentina and only slightly above that of Chile. The export structure was almost entirely based on commodities: wood, pulp and paper. By the end of 1990s the Finnish income level was already above the average level of the EU. Finland was able to go through a structural change from a primary goods based economy to a high technology producer. Finland as well. Later the role of private sector grew as in many other countries.

But, what is perhaps more important are those social policies that were designed to tap all the human potential of the nation. Redistribution of income enhanced economic growth and high quality public education laid the foundation on which competitive information and communication technology industry was built couple of decades later. This process was accompanied by a certain degree of national consensus. It was not a strategy solely of the political and economic elite at the expense of the majority. National development strategies that different countries should be allowed to design, should be built on truly democratic principles. If people are empowered, development strategies can get the commitment they need in order to function.

These are some of the basic features of what has become to be known as the Nordic model of welfare state. There was a time during the 70’ies and up til the mid-90’ies when the onslaught of neo-liberalism made it fashionable to deride the welfare state as having outlived its purpose and becoming a burden in the emerging brave new world order.

Since then the tide has again turned, and the Nordic welfare state has re-emerged as an interesting and relevant model which, far from being a hindrance to success, is recognized as an asset in globalization, as witnessed by the Nordic countries successes in leading the way as competitive information societies.

The belief that strong governments are in contradiction with the globalization of the economy is erroneous. Only controlling of markets, more equal treatment of different groups and universal education are factors, which can help countries and their citizens get the good out of globalization. Otherwise negative effects can surge in forms of environmental disasters, wars and many other ways. There is a need for global social and environmental policies. Challenging questions are how to democratize the global governance and how to redistribute global assets. International financial institutions need more transparency and democracy as well as the recognizing the drawbacks and limitations of neoliberalism. The national level is definitely not enough for achieving a functioning control of the globalization process, but it cannot function effectively without it either. Global solutions must be complemented with national efforts towards democracy and more equal distribution of income, otherwise they will be done in vain.

The way ahead

What is needed is what could rightly be described as a new way forward in the post-Iraq and post-Cancun situations. The post-Iraq situation requires the building of a functioning multilateral system of cooperation to prevent the kind of unilateral action that the war on Iraq represents and restore the principles of common security. And the post-Cancun situation requires the building of multilateral trade negotiations which recognize the equality of the partners involved, particularly from a North- South perspective and pays more attention to the specific situations and requirements of each country.

These are obviously extremely broad issues, which need profoundly new visions to be solved. We are talking of deep-going reforms of our common multilateral institutions responsible for global governance, starting from the United Nations and the Bretton Woods institututions that were created some 50 years ago and up to the more recent creatures like the World Trade Organizations. I won’t go into that agenda at this point, although these broad issues naturally will be dealt with within the Helsinki Process, too.

In stead I would like to emphasize, that besides these comprehensive and all-inclusive solutions, we also very specific and also quite limited concrete initiatives that can function as catalysts for a broader breakthrough in the reform process. This is what we want to make into one “brand” of the Helsinki Process: the elaboration of creative solutions to partial problems that could open the doors for longer leaps forward. Obviously we are particularly interested in your ideas and proposals in this regard.

One dimension of developing a new multilateral system of cooperation is the involvement of the civil society actors – both in the building process and in the functioning of the new multilateral system itself.

I have not come here with ready-made recepies on this. Rather my role here is to listen to your views and ideas on which are the proper principles and forms for involving the non-state actors in the multilateral processes and feed them into the debates of the Helsinki Process.

However, there are two benchmarks for this discussion that I would like to put forward.

Firstly, transparency and accountability should be seen as guiding principles both for the governmental institutions and for the civil society actors. The continuous demands by the civil society for increased transparency in the decision-making of inter-governmental bodies as well as proper availability of information, are completely natural and understandable. There is still much to be done to improve the practices of the institutions in this regard. But in my mind, the same principles should apply also for the different civil society actors. I am not particularly interested in the formal representativity of different NGO’s. Both broadbased mass movements and smaller action groups are legitimate actors in their own right and capacity. But it is in the own interest of the NGO’s thaty they are as transparent as possible about their own constituency: whom (rather than how many) they represent, how they are organized and make their decisions, and how they atre financed.

Secondly, we should make a distinction between participation and decision-making. In governmental and inter-governmental bodies the owners and the decision-makers are, by definition, the governments. This does not exclude us from developing different very direct forms of participation also for the other stakeholders in international cooperation, civil society actors in particular. This could include things like the right to online information on ongoing negotiating processes, the right to table proposals and be heard at inter-governmental conferences. But the governments should remain the responsible and decision-making parties at the negotiating tables. Otherwise we delude the dividing line between the governmental and the non-governmental in a purely confusing manner. And otherwise we interfere with the autonomy and the integrity of the civil society, which anyway are guiding principles for the basic definition of what is called civil society.

EU and Russia – Upcoming Challenges of Globalization, STETE:n ja Aleksanteri-instituutin seminaari, 4.2.2004

Mr. Chairman, ladies and gentlemen,

The European Union and Russia are tied together into a knot of positive interdependence. In many public statements our relationship is often thus characterized as a ”strategic partnership based on common values”. This touches upon something essen-tial: our interaction and increased cooperation cannot but benefit us both.

The key notion underlying the raison d’être of the European integration is the understanding that no single nation state is any longer able to cope with the multitude of transnational threats and challenges that we face. Only by working closely together with our neighbours, and rest of the international community for that matter, can we succeed in finding durable and sustainable solutions.

The end of the cold war was greeted everywhere with great expectations. In many respects the expansion of democracy and freedom has made the world better and safer. But even if the risk of world war has re-ceded, we are still far from living in an idyllic and peaceful world.

Our perception of the threats we are facing has changed. The likelihood of traditional war between nation states has diminished, but new threats to security have replaced it. These new threats include environ-mental degradation and crises, the consequences of failed states, ethnic and religious conflicts, trafficking in human beings, drugs, organised cross-border crime, HIV/Aids and other new communicable diseases, refugeeism, the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and terrorism.

The world is seeking to cope with these threats in our new age of globalisation. Globalisation as such is a continuation of the well known process of internationalisation, that is the growth of economic and politi-cal interdependence. What is new is the effect of new technologies, information and communication tech-nology in particular, which has both quantitatively and qualitatively changed internationalisation so much, that speaking of globalisation as a new phenomenon is well-founded.

Globalisation is, on the whole, both unavoidable and positive, as the deepening international division of labour helps to increase wealth and welfare everywhere in the world. The main challenge of globalisation is, that this increasing wealth is being distributed more unequally than before, both within countries and regions and between them.

The other challenge of globalisation is the inadequacy of national democratic structures to exercise de-mocratic governance over globalisation.

When we talk about democracy, we should talk not only about civil rights, but also of democratic access to resources: education, technology, natural resources, land and water. If market forces are left uncon-trolled the livelihoods of many are endangered. Increasing monetization and transforming of natural re-sources into commodities is threatening the environment.

It is unfortunate if environmental issues are perceived as something that outsiders seek to impose on the EU-Russia agenda. Russia’s environmental problems do worry her neighbours as well, but the most disas-trous effects they have are a burden on Russia itself. One need only refer to the appalling health statistics and life-expectancy figures in Russia which are to a great extent caused by environmental hazards to un-derstand that tackling them has to be a very central Russian priority as well. Our willingness to address them in cross-border cooperation coincides with the interests of all parties in our region.

We in the EU have a multitude on environmental challenges that we need to tackle together with our Russian partners. Nuclear safety, timely ratification of the Kyoto Protocol, maritime safety are the ones which first come to mind. These were all issues that were incorporated in to the historical statement adopted in St. Petersburg 31 May of last year between the Russian Federation and the 25 current and future members of the EU. This was a major achievement.

The other historical decision adopted in St. Petersburg was the creation of four common spaces between Russia and EU. These spaces – justice and home affairs, common economic space, external security and education, science and research – are intended to provide the platform and the framework for our future work. We, for our part, are fully committed to bringing concrete substance to these spaces by preparing detailed action plans to steer the process.

The common spaces thus adopted cover our relations almost in entirety, with one notable exception: environmental protection. Obviously one could argue that environment is a cross-cutting theme which runs across all the spaces but in reality international politics is often less straightforward. This is the reason why Finland has been promoting the creation of an additional fifth common space to ensure that environment continues to remain high on our political agenda. I would say that this proposal has been rather well received by our other partners, including Russia.

One of the key fields of cooperation between the EU and Russia is the harmonization of environmental legislation and norms. This is one of the Finnish priorities also for the future. Alongside with harmonization we support addressing environmental management, capacity building and development of economic tools for environmental decision-making. Promoting environmental investments in order to diminish pollution from most harmful sources, naturally, also remains a priority.

Environmental policies are rooted in economic decision-making, and the private sector has an increasingly prominent role. EU, being the main trading partner for Russia, should require from Russia high and more or less corresponding environmental standards in mutual cooperation. Integration of environmental and social concerns into economic activities are particularly relevant in energy, transport and forestry sectors. Also for Russia this should be a natural part of its commitment to economic integration with the EU.

International climate policies and the role of Russia in addressing human-induced climate change deserve special attention. They are also an excellent example for the discussion on globalisation. Firstly, impacts of climate change are felt worldwide. Secondly, it also requires a global solution. Thirdly, the issue has been addressed through the global decision making system, namely the United Nations.

The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change entered into force 1994, and it has so far been ratified by 188 Parties. The Kyoto Protocol of the Convention is the first and most important step in the efforts to attain the objective of the Convention. 120 Parties have already ratified it and, as well known, its entry into force depends on Russia. President Putin has stated that before taking the decision on ratification, Russia is examining the pros and cons of ratification. This of course is what we, who have already ratified the Protocol, have also done.

Economic sustainability appears to be Russia’s key concern. It has been suggested in Russia that the commitments of the Kyoto Protocol are not compatible with the national goal of doubling the GDP. In the case of Russia, however, there are good grounds for believing that a win-win situation is possible: Russia’s current emissions are well below its Kyoto commitment because of the economic recession of the 1990s, and the current economic growth does not necessarily lead to a substantial increase.

The Kyoto Protocol reflects the principle that the industrialised countries are to take the first step. New steps are, however, necessary after 2012 if the climate change is to be mitigated. It is necessary to widen the basis and ensure the increased involvement of all major current and future emitters in the global efforts. The world is now getting prepared for a round of negotiations on ”post-Kyoto” climate regime, and the entry into force of the Kyoto Protocol is expected as a starting signal for initiating the official process. Even in this respect early ratification by Russia is crucial.

X X X

The enlargement of the EU will further highlight the importance of our relations with Russia. Russia will clearly benefit from her access to an enlarged market. The enlargement will also change the Union in many ways, most notably because from 1 May onwards we will have new immediate neighbours. What is sometimes forgotten is that Russia is not a ”new” neighbour but and old friend, ally and a partner.

The European Union is in a process to further defining the parameters and overall vision of the new Wider Europe/European Neighbourhood policies. This policy will relate to all immediate neighbours of the Union, East and South. It is well understood that Russia, because of her size and role in global politics, is sui generis and that our relations with Russia must be predicated on slightly different aspects. We are, however, convinced that there are elements in the Wider Europe thinking which can well benefit also Russia.

One of these elements would be the envisaged new neighbourhood instrument which seeks primarily to address concrete and pragmatic problems which have arisen from attempts to combine internal and external aid mechanism on and around the external borders. This can clearly bring added value and new impetus to the cooperation over the eastern border.

The new instrument can only be adopted jointly with the new financial perspectives from 2007 onwards. In the meantime we must operate in the framework of so called neighbourhood programmes which seek to simplify the current project procedures to the extend possible within the current legal framework. These programmes are now well underway and their success will be a key determining factor for the content of the new instrument.

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The belief that strong governments are not needed to succeed in the globalizing world economy is errone-ous. Without governments prepared to deal with market failure, redistribute income, prevent marginali-sation and take care of universal education, for example, countries will have a hard time getting the bene-fits of globalization for their citizens. There is also a need for global social and environmental policies. Challenging questions are how to democratize the global governance and how to distribute global wealth. International financial institutions need more transparency and democracy as well as the recognizing the need to move beyond the so called Washington consensus. The national level is not enough for governing the globalization process, but good global governance is not possible without it either. Global solutions must be complemented with national efforts towards democracy and more equal distribution of income, otherwise they will be done in vain.

One dimension of developing a new multilateral system of cooperation is the involvement of civil society actors – both in building the new system and in its functioning.

Transparency and accountability should be seen as guiding principles for both governmental institutions and civil society actors. The civil society continuously demands increased transparency in the decision-making of intergovernmental bodies, as well as proper access to information. Such demands are com-pletely natural and understandable. There is still much to be done to improve institutional practices in this regard.

Secondly, we should make a distinction between participation and decision-making. In governmental and intergovernmental bodies, the owners and the decision-makers are, by definition, the governments. It does not prevent us from developing different forms of very direct participation also for other stakeholders in international cooperation, for civil society actors in particular. Such participation could include, for in-stance, access to real-time information about ongoing negotiations, the right to table proposals and the right to be heard at intergovernmental conferences. But the governments should still remain the responsi-ble and decision-making parties at negotiating tables. Otherwise, we blur the dividing line between the governmental and the non-governmental in an absolutely confusing manner. And we also interfere with the autonomy and integrity of the civil society – in other words, the very guiding principles for the basic definition of what is called the civil society.

SELKO2004-Seminaari, Eduskunnassa, 5.2.2004

Arvoisat seminaariosallistujat, Turvallisuus 2004 -ryhmän jäsenet

Tiedotusvälineitä seuraava valistunut kansalainen ei ole voinut välttyä huomaamasta, että maassamme valmistellaan seuraavaa turvallisuus- ja puolustuspoliittista selontekoa. Hallitus päätti jo hallitusohjelmassaan, että Suomen turvallisuus- ja puolustuspoliittista toimintaympäristöä arvioidaan laajemmin vuonna 2004 valmistuvassa turvallisuus- ja puolustuspoliittisessa selonteossa. Vain kattavan kehityssuuntien arvioinnin perusteella on mahdollista päättää tulevien vuosien toimintalinjasta. Hallitus on vasta aivan työnsä alkuvaiheessa. Ensin arvioidaan toimintaympäristön muutos, sen vaikutukset Suomelle ja vasta sitten tulee linjausten aika.

Nyt valmistelujen aikana monipuolinen, asiantunteva ja avarakatseinen keskustelu ja näkemykset turvallisuusympäristöömme vaikuttavista tekijöistä ja niiden keskinäisistä suhteista ovat hyödyksi. Merkittävän panoksen keskusteluun antaa parlamentaarinen seurantaryhmä, jonka vuonna 2002 silloinen pääministeri nimesi arvioimaan ja seuraamaan Suomen toimintaympäristön kehitystä. Seurantaryhmä valmistelee parhaillaan omia arvioitaan puheenjohtajansa Aulis Ranta-Muotion johdolla. Tutkijapiirien, kansalaisryhmien ja tiedotusvälineiden aktiivinen rooli keskusteluissa on tervetullut jatkossakin.

Tiedotusvälineitä seuraava valistunut kansalainenkin kuitenkin helposti luulee, että valmisteilla on puolustuspoliittinen selonteko, jonka pääsisältö tulee olemaan hallituksen arvio suhteistamme Natoon. Näinhän ei kuitenkaan ole. Jo aiemmat selonteot pyrkivät tarkastelemaan Suomen turvallisuutta laajemmin kuin perinteisen sotilaallisen turvallisuuden kannalta, ja syksyllä 2004 eduskunnalle annettavassa turvallisuus- ja puolustuspoliittisessa selonteossa laajan turvallisuuden merkitys varmasti entisestään vahvistuu. Kaikki kehityslinjat turvallisuusympäristön muutoksessa viittaavat tähän suuntaan.

Esitän seuraavassa joitakin sellaisia toimintaympäristömme kehityspiirteitä, joiden toivon herättävän vilkasta keskustelua osanottajien kesken.

Suomen toimintaympäristössä on meneillään varsin monitahoinen kehitys, jonka arviointi ei ole yksinkertaista. Suomen turvallisuustilanne on lähialueiden vakauden lisääntymisen myötä parempi kuin koskaan. Samalla erilaiset, usein toisiinsa kytkeytyvät uudet uhat, globaalit ongelmat ja rajat ylittävät riskit vaikuttavat globalisaatiokehityksen myötä entistä nopeammin Suomeen.

Demokratian leviäminen ja ihmisoikeuksien vahvistuminen on pidemmän aikavälin vahvistuva kehityskulku, joka on huomattavasti vähentänyt perinteisen sodankäynnin mahdollisuuksia. Valtioiden välisen sodan todennäköisyys on vähentynyt myös sodankäynnin luonteen muutoksen ansiosta. Voimankäytöllä saavutettavissa olevien etujen ja kustannusten suhde on muuttunut niin, että sota on aiempaa harvemmin enää rationaalinen vaihtoehto. Valtioidenvälisen sodan perinteisen uhkakuvan tilalle ovat nousseet uudentyyppiset uhat, joiden ennaltaehkäisyssä ja torjumisessa muut kuin sotilaalliset keinot ovat ensisijaisia. Mutta merkillepantavaa on, että elämme vielä ehkä pitkäänkin maailmassa, jossa valtioidenvälisen sodan uhka on turvallisuus- ja puolustusjärjestelmien perusta.

Uusien turvallisuusuhkien lista on pitkä, ympäristön tilan heikkenemisestä ja maailmanlaajuisista epidemioista sortuvien valtioiden synnyttämiin ongelmiin, terrorismiin ja joukkotuhoaseiden leviämisen ja käytön uhkaan. Uhkissa ei kuitenkaan ole uutta niiden olemassaolo, vaan toisaalta niiden vaikutusten voimistuminen ja nopea leviäminen globalisaatiokehityksen myötä ja toisaalta kansainvälien yhteisön tietoisuuden kasvu mahdollisimman varhaisen uhkien torjumisen tärkeydestä. Toleranssiraja on tiukentunut, kun uhat ja riskit haastavat jokapäiväisen yhteiskuntien toimivuuden ja kansalaisten turvallisuuden. Globalisoituvassa maailmassa Suomi ei ole missään mielessä reuna-aluetta. Lähialueemmekin turvallisuudelle yhä keskeisempiä tekijöitä ovat ympäristöriskit, kuten Itämeren öljykuljetukset ja ydinvoimalaonnettomuuksien riskit, tai heikko tilanne tarttuvien tautien torjunnassa Venäjällä.

Uusien uhkien torjunta on pitkäjänteistä työtä. Terrorismin vastaisessa taistelussa kestäviä tuloksia saadaan perussyihin puuttumisella, ja keinoja ovat mm. kehityspolitiikan keinot. Otsikoissa tämä ei vain näy. Joukkotuhoaseiden leviämisen estämisessä tarvitaan uusia keinoja. Joukkotuhoaseiden ja terrorismin keskinäisessä yhteyksissä esillä ovat usein ennen muuta kemiallisten ja biologisten aseiden sekä ns. radiologisten pommien uhat valmistusaineiden helpomman saatavuuden vuoksi. Ydinaseidenkaan uhka ei ole vähentynyt. NPT-sopimus ei enää nykyoloissa ole toimiva, ja vientivalvontajärjestelyjä on kehitettävä. Ydinasevaltiot myös kehittävät terrorismin uhan nojalla uudenalaisia ydinaseita, mikä ei voi olla vaikuttamatta sopimusjärjestelmien uskottavuuteen.

Uusia uhkia on myös lähes mahdoton torjua yksin. Yhteistyön merkitys on kasvanut, samalla kun monenkeskinen järjestys on murroksessa. YK-järjestelmään kohdistuu paineita, ehkä kohtuuttomiakin, koska viime kädessä kyse on jäsenvaltioiden halusta kantaa oma vastuunsa. Mutta myös hallintajärjestelmän on kiistatta oltava toimivampi ja tehokkaampi. Viime viikon lopulla Helsinki-ryhmän kokouksessa nousi esille myös turvallisuuden merkitys globalisaation hallinnan keskeisenä haasteena. Voi olla, että syrjäytyminen globalisaation hyödyistä, eri kulttuurien ja uskontojen väliset jännitteet ja kansallisvaltioiden heikentyvä toimintakyky kansalaistensa hyvinvoinnin ja turvallisuuden takaajina johtavat kehitykseen, jossa akuuttien kriisien ja inhimillisen turvallisuuden ongelmien estäminen on yhä vaikeampaa nykyisin keinoin.

Ihmisoikeuksien, demokratian ja kansainvälisen oikeusjärjestyksen vahvistaminen kuuluu keskeisiin globalisaation hallinnan haasteisiin. Ihmisoikeus-, demokratia- ja kehitysnäkökulman huomioimatta jättäminen olisi nykymaailmassa kohtalokasta myös turvallisuuspoliittisesti. Kansainvälisen yhteisön on oltava valmis puuttumaan kaukaisiltakin tuntuviin konflikteihin, sekä inhimillisen kärsimyksen lievittämiseksi että konfliktien nopean kärjistymisen ja jopa maailmanlaajuisten seurausvaikutusten estämiseksi. Kansainvälisessä keskustelussa vahvistuu näkemys, että humanitaarisen väliintulon perusteita on tarkasteltava avoimesti. Voidaan myös kysyä, riittävätkö nykyisten monenkeskisten järjestöjen hallintouudistukset ja päätöksenteon demokratisointi vai tarvitaanko jotain aivan uudenlaisia yhteistyömuotoja myös turvallisuuden haasteisiin vastaamiseksi.

Euroopan unionin viime joulukuussa hyväksytty turvallisuusstrategia on merkittävä saavutus toimintaympäristömme uudelleenarvioinnissa. Se pyrkii ohjaamaan ja vahvistamaan unionia globaalina toimijana, jolla on käytössään ainutlaatuisen laaja keinovalikoima ennaltaehkäisyyn pyrkivistä taloudellisista, kauppapoliittisista, ympäristö- ja kehityspoliittisista välineistä ja erilaisista poliittisista yhteisen ulko- ja turvallisuuspolitiikan keinosta akuuttien tilanteiden hallintaan kohdistuvien siviili- ja sotilaallisen kriisinhallinnan ja konfliktin jälkeisen jälleenrakennuksen keinoihin.

Strategia määrittelee unionin avainuhkiksi terrorismin, joukkotuhoaseiden leviämisen ja alueelliset konfliktit, sekä niihin liittyen sortuvat valtiot ja järjestäytyneen rikollisuuden. Strategisia tavoitteita ovat näihin avainuhkiin vastaaminen mutta samalla edelleen vakauden edistäminen lähialueilla, joka ulottuu Keski-Aasiasta ja Kaukasukselta laajaan Lähi-itään ja Afrikkaan. Keskeistä on tehokkaan monenkeskisen yhteistyön varaan rakentuva kansainvälinen turvallisuus- ja oikeusjärjestys. Unionin pyrkii myös edistämään varhaisessa vaiheessa tapahtuvaa, nopeaa ja tarvittaessa voimakasta väliintuloa – siis kaikin edellä luetelluin keinoin, ei vain eikä edes ensi sijassa sotilaallisen kriisinhallinnan voimavaroin.

Tulevassa perustuslaillisessa sopimuksessa unioni tehostaa ulkoista toimintakykyään yhteistä ulko- ja turvallisuuspolitiikkaa kehittävillä päätöksillä kuten ulkoministerin viran perustamisella – YUTP:n osalta olisi suotavaa päästä pidemmällekin esimerkiksi määräenemmistöpäätöksentekoa lisäämällä – ja turvallisuus- ja puolustuspolitiikkaa kehittävillä päätöksillä. On kiistaton tosiasia, että unionin on lähivuosina kehitettävä kriisinhallintakykyään entistä joustavammaksi ja nopeammaksi, mikä tarkoittaa sekä voimavarojen kehittämistyötä että päätöksenteon ja yhteistyömuotojen tehostamista – ennen muuta Naton kanssa, mutta myös YK:n. Tämä koskee yhtä lailla niin sotilaallista kuin siviilikriisinhallintaa. Unionin tehokkuus ja uskottavuus korostaa myös yhtenäisyyden merkitystä. Tältäkin osin perustuslaillisen sopimuksen osalta tähän mennessä saavutettu yhteisymmärrys on oikeansuuntainen.

Euroopassa Euroopan unionin ja Naton laajentuminen ja yhteistyön syventyminen eri aloilla lisää vakautta. Euroopan unionin kumppanuuspolitiikka lähialueiden kanssa ja erityisesti laaja-alainen yhteistyö Venäjän kanssa ovat lähivuosienkin keskeisiä kehittämishaasteita.

Toimintaympäristön tarkastelun pohjalta on varmaa, että Suomen kaltaisella maalla on hyötyä laaja-alaisesta keinovalikoimasta. Ajattelemme helposti asioita erillisinä kokonaisuuksina, joilla ei ole yhteyttä toisiinsa. Kuitenkin esimerkiksi ihmisoikeuspolitiikan ja kehityspolitiikan entistä tiiviimpi yhteys turvallisuuspolitiikkaan on ilmeinen. Tämä on yhtenä lähtökohtana, kun hallitus valmistelee parhaillaan myös kehityspoliittista linjausta, ihmisoikeusselontekoa, globalisaatioselvityksiä ja sisäisen turvallisuuden ohjelmaa rinnan turvallisuus- ja puolustuspoliittisen selonteon kanssa.

Euroopan romanifoorumia koskeva tiedotus- ja keskustelutilaisuus, 24.2.2004

Arvoisat kuulijat,

Minulla on ilo toivottaa Teidät tervetulleiksi ulkoasiainministeriöön keskustelemaan Euroopan romani- ja vaeltajafoorumista tähän tilaisuuteen, jonka olemme järjestäneet yhteistyössä romaniasian neuvottelukunnan kanssa.

Kuten tunnettua, Tasavallan Presidentti Tarja Halonen esitti Euroopan neuvoston parlamentaariselle yleiskokoukselle 24. tammikuuta 2001, että Euroopan romaneille tulisi luoda neuvoa-antava elin, joka edustaisi heitä yleiseurooppalaisella tasolla. Romanijärjestöjen tuki hankkeelle loi lähtökohdan sille, että aloitetta ryhdyttiin viemään eteenpäin. Myös Euroopan neuvoston parlamentaarinen yleiskokous ja ihmisoikeusvaltuutettu lähtivät rohkeasti tukemaan hanketta.

Aloitteen taustalla oli romanien asema suurena eurooppalaisena vähemmistönä (8-10 miljoonaa), jonka mahdollisuudet tuoda esiin näkemyksiään ja edistää sekä kansalais- ja poliittisia oikeuksiaan kuin taloudellisia, sosiaalisia ja sivistyksellisiä oikeuksiaan ovat olleet riittämättömät monissa Euroopan maissa.

Romanien omat järjestöt ja myös eri maiden hallitukset ovat monin tavoin pyrkineet parantamaan romanien asemaa. Edistystä on tapahtunut, kuten olemme voineet Suomessakin todeta. Romaneihin kohdistuu silti edelleen voimakasta rasismia ja syrjintää eri puolilla Eurooppaa. Ihmisoikeusjärjestöt raportoivat jatkuvasti vakavista ongelmista esimerkiksi koulutuksessa, työnsaannissa, asumisessa ja osallistumismahdollisuuksissa. Näiden ongelmien korjaamisessa tarvitaan romanien omaa asiantuntemusta.

Ihmisoikeudet kuuluvat Suomen hallituksen ulkopolitiikan painopistealueisiin. Hallitusohjelman mukaisesti hallitus harjoittaa aloitteellista ihmisoikeuspolitiikkaa niin kahdenvälisissä suhteissa, Euroopan unionissa kuin kansainvälisissä järjestöissä.

Miksi foorumia on haluttu ajaa nimenomaan Euroopan neuvoston yhteyteen? Euroopan neuvoston perustehtävänä on ihmisoikeuksien vahvistaminen. Se vahvistaa merkittävällä tavalla maanosamme turvallisuutta edistämällä demokratiaa, ihmisoikeuksia ja oikeusvaltion toimintaa Euroopassa. Järjestön vahvuutena on korkeatasoinen normipohja ja ainutlaatuisen tehokas mekanismi ihmisoikeusnormien täytäntöönpanemiseksi. Euroopan ihmisoikeussopimus, Euroopan sosiaalinen peruskirja, vähemmistöpuiteyleissopimus, alueellisia ja vähemmistökieliä koskeva eurooppalainen peruskirja sekä Euroopan kulttuuriyleissopimus luovat perustan eurooppalaiselle ihmisoikeusalueelle.

Euroopan neuvosto antaa näin ollen juuri sopivan kehyksen romaneiden ihmisoikeuksien edistämiseksi Euroopassa. Romaneiden omat näkökannat kuuluvat eikä niitä voi jättää huomiotta, kun taustalla on merkittävä eurooppalainen järjestö kuten Euroopan neuvosto, joka tarjoaa tukensa foorumin työlle. Sihteeristön asiantuntemusta ja tukipalveluja voidaan käyttää hyväksi foorumin toiminnassa ja sen kannanottojen valmisteluissa.

Myös muut eurooppalaiset järjestöt, kuten Euroopan turvallisuus- ja yhteistyöjärjestö ETYJ, ovat luvanneet tukea foorumin toimintaa eikä foorumin sijainti Euroopan neuvoston yhteydessä estä laajaa yhteistyötä eri tahojen kanssa. Mainittakoon, että ETYJ hyväksyi viime vuoden joulukuussa toimintasuunnitelman romanien aseman parantamiseksi jäsenmaissaan ja myös tässä suunnitelmassa Euroopan romanifoorumin tuleva rooli tunnustetaan. Tärkeää on, että jatkossa foorumilla on mahdollisuus kehittää yhteistyötä myös Euroopan unionin kanssa.

Suomen tavoitteena on edistää valmisteilla olevan romanifoorumin avulla romanien ihmisoikeuksia ja perusvapauksia täysimääräisinä, siten kuin ne määritetään kansainvälisissä ihmisoikeusnormeissa. Erityisesti romanien tulee voida osallistua ja vaikuttaa niihin asioihin, jotka koskevat heidän omaa elämäänsä, työtekoa, asumista, terveyttä, kieltä ja kulttuuria.

Romanit ovat vähemmistönä kaikissa asuttamissaan valtioissa. He eivät ole vielä riittävästi poliittisesti edustettuina kansallisella tai kansainvälisellä tasolla. Kun romaneita ei vielä juuri ole kansallisissa instituutioissa saati kansainvälisissä järjestöissä, Euroopan romanifoorumi voi tarjota heille kanavan tulla kuulluiksi.

Euroopan romanit saavat foorumin kautta äänensä paremmin kuuluviin, heidän näkemyksensä leviävät tiedotusvälineisiin, hallituksille, kansalaisjärjestöille ja yksityiselle sektorille. Foorumi voi itsenäisesti antaa mielipiteensä ja tehdä ehdotuksia ja suosituksia päättäjille eurooppalaisella tai kansainvälisellä tasolla, mutta se voi yhtä hyvin osoittaa kommenttinsa myös kansallisille, alueellisille ja paikallisille päättäjille. Foorumi on neuvoa-antava, mutta päättäjät joutuvat kuulemaan sen näkemyksiä ja sen esityksiä tuskin voidaan jättää huomiotta.

Euroopan romanifoorumin valmistelut ovat vielä kesken Strasbourgissa mutta pyörää ei kuitenkaan enää voida kääntää ympäri.

Haluankin jo tässä vaiheessa kiittää romaniasiain neuvottelukunnan puheenjohtajaa Gunnar Janssonia siitä työstä, jonka hän teki ad hoc -työryhmän puheenjohtajana. Hänen työryhmänsä raportti loi pohjan sen jälkeen tehdylle työlle. Suurlähettiläs Ann-Marie Nyroosin johdolla Euroopan neuvoston hallitusten työryhmä on viime vuoden maaliskuusta lähtien jatkanut foorumin perustamiseen liittyvien kysymyksen käsittelyä. Ranskan tuki hankkeelle kesästä 2003 lähtien vauhditti neuvotteluja. Romanijärjestöjen oma työ on ollut vakuuttavaa ja yhteistyö romaniedustajien kanssa on sujunut hyvin sekä täällä Suomessa että Strasbourgissa.

Suomi on katsonut, että kaikkien niiden Euroopan neuvoston jäsenmaiden, joissa on romanivähemmistö, romaniväestöillä tulee olla edustus foorumissa. Suomalaisilla romaneilla tulee näin ollen olla paikka perustettavassa elimessä ja maamme romanit voivat foorumissa jakaa kokemuksiaan.

Suomessa on sellaisia järjestelmiä (esimerkiksi romaniasiain neuvottelukunta) ja oikeuksia (perustuslakiin kirjattu romanien oikeus omaan kieleen ja kulttuuriin), joiden tunnetuksi tekeminen voi auttaa monia maita kehittämään omia ratkaisujaan.

Foorumi myös kehittää osaltaan romanien valmiuksia osallistua päätöksentekoon ja kansainväliseen yhteistyöhön. Foorumi lisää romanien piirissä tietoisuutta romaneille kuuluvista oikeuksista ja valtioiden velvollisuuksista huolehtia oikeuksien toteutumisesta. Samalla foorumi antaa myös entistä enemmän vastuuta romaneille itselleen.

Toivon, että tuleva foorumi tarjoaa romaneille hyödyllisen keinon aktiivisesti vaikuttaa romanivähemmistöjen elinolosuhteisiin ja romanikielten ja -kulttuurien kehittämiseen osana yhteistä eurooppalaista perinnettä ja identiteettiä sekä niitä eurooppalaisia arvoja, joita Euroopan neuvosto olemassaolollaan ja toiminnallaan symboloi.

The European Security Strategy: where next? – seminaari, Finlandia-talo, Helsinki, 25.2.2004

Our activities and exchanges of views in the European Union on security and defence issues in the past few years have focused on the very concrete and practical questions about developing our joint resources and capabilities in this field. This is most welcome because one of the weaknesses of the EU has traditionally been that we are long on the speeches and principles but short on the practical requirements of implementing our fine principles.

It also needs to be said that the Union’s foreign and security policy should not be determined by its instruments. On the contrary, instruments ought to be developed on the basis of our needs and goals. I want to stress that the new defence articles, on which we have reached preliminary consensus in the IGC, cannot in any way be construed as leading to a militarization of the Union or as an indication of a striving to become a military great power. That is neither a realistic, a necessary nor a desirable goal for the Union.

The newly adopted Security Strategy is not a revolutionary document. However, it crystallizes in a very useful way the European approach to the security threats Europe is facing at the beginning of 21st century. It enables us to evaluate the policies and objectives of the EU and to pursue a global and comprehensive security policy, building on the Union’s strengths. This approach, which is confirmed in the Security Strategy, should be followed up with effective and innovative measures.

The Security Strategy is, among other things, an answer to the challenge of the transatlantic relations, which are in many ways indispensable for the Union. The better the Union knows what it wants for itself and for the world, and the more consistent it is in its policies, the better it is able to achieve the ”effective and balanced” partnership with the United States.

The EU-US relationship is a two-way street. There are differences of views not so much about objectives as about means of addressing security threats which are reflected in the European Strategy. They are not issues that should cause any kind of transatlantic conflicts but rather items which need to be addressed in the continuing transatlantic dialogue. It is up to the Europeans to engage the United States in the multilateral framework envisaged in the Union’s strategic outlook. The transatlantic relations are a forum for the politics of a new kind of power.

The EU is rightly expected to bring something new and added value to international politics, partly because it is not a state but a unique kind of institutional and communitarian actor, partly because of its particular set of strengths and instruments and, finally, because of its belief in a rules-based order, which grows out of the history of European integration as a peace project.

Next, I would like to explore some thoughts on how I see the linkage between security and globalisation. Even if globalisation is primarily about technology, development and welfare, it is also a security issue. Globalisation can be taken advantage of by means of participation and engagement. On the other hand, as recognized in the EU Strategy, an isolated country or a marginalized group may cause security problems.

Globalisation places a special requirement on leadership in international politics and on the accountability of leaders in domestic politics. The task is to improve the functioning of democracy in both domestic and international institutions. Finland has launched an international process co-chaired by my Tanzanian colleague to address the issue of reforming the way international institutions make decisions and, more broadly, finding better ways for governments, business and civil society to engage in a dialogue on their common future and to come forward with concrete, implementable proposals. To put it in another way, we aim at building bridges between economic and social forces behind the World Economic Forum – Davos- and the World Social Forum – Porto Alegre.

The connection between globalisation and security should be better addressed with the instruments at the disposal of the Union and the Member States. We are all engaged in bringing development cooperation and security policy closer to one another. We are all supporting good governance and sustainable development, thus eliminating the root causes of conflicts.

The most central objective in the Security Strategy is a legal and security order, which is based on effective multilateralism. This is where the Union can make its greatest contribution to the world and where it can expect to bring the greatest benefit for the Union itself and for the values it represents. In the long run, multilateralism is also the only sustainable way to combine security and development in a more equitable world.

The United Nations and the Security Council are at the core of the multilateral order, and their central position should always be supported and recognized. However, effective multilateralism is an even more demanding objective, because it calls for a reform of the world organisation and assurance of an effective and just decision-making by the Security Council in preventing, managing and resolving conflicts. The Union has properly made it clear that its improving crisis management capability will be put primarily into the service of the United Nations.

Few issues would be more important for multilateralism than the legitimacy and legality of the use of force whether by nation-states or the international community. The Security Strategy makes no immediate headway on the question of mandating interventions. It is understandable, as there are different experiences and national policies among the members themselves, not to speak of the sensitivity of the issue at large. We would have wanted the Security Strategy to be unambiguous on the issue that is under such a pressure today, in particular as the EU is likely to take upon new tasks and operations in the future.

To the effect it is necessary to look anew at the question of justified self-defence in front of an imminent threat or at the problem of mandating humanitarian and other interventions, the Security Strategy correctly recognizes the problem. The European Union should continue to be in the forefront of such a discussion.

The Security Council is called upon to uphold its responsibility for international peace and security. If new interpretations of international law are called for, the Security Council is the proper forum for doing so.

The European Union’s capability in crisis management is a major part of the implementation of the Security Strategy. On both the military and civilian sides, the work is underway in a well-planned and programmed manner.

In this context, it should be reaffirmed that the Union is, first of all, equipped for addressing the root causes of conflict and preventing violent conflicts. The Union is not and will not become a military great power, but it can become an effective force in conflict prevention and crisis management.

A crisis management capability is an indispensable part of the role outlined for the Union in the Security Strategy. The pending Constitutional Treaty will provide additional instruments and guidelines for addressing new threats, such as terrorism through the solidarity clause. The agreement on the assistance commitment is another step in making the Union a more unified and credible and, consequently, effective actor.

The task of making the Union a more coherent and consistent actor has been with us for a long time. The Security Strategy includes several useful suggestions to that effect. The Constitutional Treaty will bring new helpful elements. Most importantly, the Union will have to learn by doing. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Union will shortly be employing all of its instruments simultaneously. The coordination of various Union institutions, policies and representatives will be an important test case.

Finland was among those who stressed the continued primacy of the enlargement of the community of stable democratic societies in a wider Europe and beyond. It is in our national security interest and in the interests of the EU as a whole. The mission that was adopted after the Cold War must be completed.

Developing and implementing the strategic partnership between the Union and Russia is a key task. The Strategy does not provide practical guidelines but makes clear the importance of values and norms for the common future of this relationship.

The practical challenge is with us every day, as the Union pursues its European agenda: enlargement, security and stability in the neighbouring regions, and the strategy towards Russia. They are all strategic tasks in their own merits, they are not hostage to each other, but the success of each of them is vital to a stable and prosperous future Europe.

Finally, a few words on the white paper on security and defence, which we are currently preparing. The EU Security Strategy provides a natural reference point for us, both in its analysis of the security environment and in its determination of the line of action. It is clear that the more intellectual energy, and the more political and material resources the Member States devote to shaping and implementing common policies as a Union, the larger part the Union occupies in the conduct of their national policies.

The Union is a continuing process even as an international actor. What is particularly new in the adoption of the Security Strategy is that it tries to find answers to, and in many cases succeeds in addressing, such basic issues of peace, security and welfare as form the essence of a nation-state’s world view and security strategy.

Another aspect of the European Security Strategy should be noted in this occasion. It is a useful instrument for the Union to present itself to other actors; what it is and where it is heading. Consequently, it should be used for engaging parliaments, professional elites and citizens in dialogues with governments on the basic principles and practical courses of foreign and security policies.